![]() ![]() Rosenbaum & Rubin (1983) showed that knowing the propensity score is sufficient to separate the effect of a treatment on an outcome from observed confounding factors that influence both treatment assignment and outcomes, provided the necessary conditions hold. The propensity score is the probability that a particular case would be assigned or exposed to a treatment condition. The SAS twang macros were developed in 2014 to support the use of the twang tools without requiring analysts to learn R. ![]() After extensive use, it received a major update in 2012. The macros call functions from the twang package in the R environment for statistical computing and graphics (R Core Team, 2013). The Toolkit for Weighting and Analysis of Nonequivalent Groups, TWANG, contains a set of macros to support causal modeling of observational data through the estimation and evaluation of propensity scores and associated weights (Ridgeway et al., 2013).
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